Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition affecting millions worldwide, with projections indicating that the number of dementia cases could triple by 2050. Despite extensive research, no curative treatment exists, and current efforts focus on prevention and risk mitigation. The primary biological markers of AD include beta-amyloid plaques, phosphorylated tau tangles, synaptic loss, and brain atrophy. Additional contributing factors include oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Diagnostic approaches rely on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and imaging technologies like MRI and PET.

Saliva is emerging as a promising, non-invasive diagnostic fluid, with evidence suggesting it may reflect physiological changes related to AD. Studies have explored various salivary biomarkers, including beta-amyloid, tau proteins, and lactoferrin, with some showing significant predictive value for AD diagnosis. A meta-analysis revealed that beta-amyloid42 and lactoferrin in saliva exhibited strong diagnostic potential. Researchers stress the need for further research to confirm the reliability and utility of these salivary biomarkers for early detection and management of AD.

Reference: Nijakowski K, Owecki W, Jankowski J, Surdacka A. Salivary Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(2):1168. doi: 10.3390/ijms25021168.